It is the old story of the chicken and the egg, told this time on an ancient mode. Who was the one who was the other? September statues, in good condition, representing the daughters of Niobe exterminated by Artemis were discovered during excavations in Ciampino, a town near Rome, previously known among tourists for its specialized airport in the home of low cost flights . But this episode prominently in his Metamorphoses, Ovid, the Latin poet, born in 43 BC and died in 17 or 18 AD


It is the summer of 2012 that the archaeological department of Lazio (Rome area) organized excavations on land promised to build. “We have long known that in this area there were traces of the presence of Valerio Messalla” said Elena Calandra, the head of the institution. Valerio and Messala, also known by its Latin name Marcus Valerius Messala Corvinus (64 BC – 8 AD), is not anyone: General, Consul and rich, it was a enlightened patron, and especially that of Ovid.


Good pick, one might say. Returning cubic meters of earth, archaeologists …

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After forty-five years of loyal service, the Easter Festival in Salzburg Berliner Philharmoniker, created in 1967 by their leader for life, Herbert von Karajan, has relocated the March 23 at Baden-Baden. A historical rupture, almost “epistemological”, which responds to a serious crisis management (soup on embezzlement: it was out of retirement a new manager, Peter Alward), a strong desire for development (four representations opera by publishing two against Salzburg), as well as sirens enterprising steward Festspielhaus Baden-Baden, Andreas M? lich-Zebhauser. It hopes to enter the festival and a new Easter Trinity to heart tees Lucerne and Salzburg new way (with Christian Thielemann and the Staatskapelle Dresden).


On the menu of festivities of the opening night of 23 March, a new production of La Fl? Enchanted you, Mozart, directed by Robert Carsen. Luxury version if we judge by a cast of international level: in addition to the Berlin Philharmonic and its conductor Simon Rattle, the superlative voice Pamina Kate Royal, upscale Pavol Breslik (Tamino is great, no problems in acute), the Sarastro colorfast Dimitri Ivaschenko (no problem in the bass), the bird catcher Papageno very Michael Nagy.


As to the side r said, discerned: Jos?? van Dam voices and three night Ladies Annick Massis, …

Inseparable really Bernand the brothers died on 17 February in a few hours apart, in Paris as one another. Twins born July 11, 1923 in Sint-Jans-Jean, one of the municipalities of Brussels (Belgium), wards of the nation – their father seriously wounded during the Great War will be disabled – they undertake the same studies.


Past early childhood in Lyon, they follow the same school in Paris, the Lyc??e Buffon and Louis-le-Grand, in the Faculty of Arts and the Ecole Normale Superieure. The debacle of 1940 leads only year undergraduate at Saint-Servan-sur-Mer, while bordering Saint-Malo, where their father died.


SOLID REPUTATION


Both aggregate classics, they always drop their doctorate in parallel, and if Andrew made his debut as a teacher at the French Institute? Ais Athens in 1950, he joined the following year at the University Etienne A? n Shams in Cairo, Egypt, which has been created and that his sister was one of the first teachers. Both will remain in office until 1956. Stephen became a member of the French Institute? Ais of Oriental Archaeology in Cairo (IFAO) institution established by Jules Ferry over to the School of Rome and that of Athens, when John Sainte Fare Carnot (1908-1963 ) takes the direction (1953).


The year 1956 marks the return of parallel twins in France. Andrew teaches at Lyc??e Buffon, where he was a student (1956-1957) before joining his brother again at the CNRS where, like him, he was successively attached and research fellow. There is only the path split without actually diverge. In 1965, Etienne won the Faculty of Arts of Besan? There where my? Be conferences and teacher, he taught Greek language and literature, emeritus until 1992.


Andrew himself, who in 1966 married the young Carmen Mu? Oz, destined to become a historian and an exceptional anthropologist, New World and Latin America are heading to Dijon (1967) and Lille- III (1976), where his election was the subject of a sling of the College Board, the international prestige of the candidate angering some mandarins. He remained in office until the time of retirement and emeritus in 1992 also.


PHILAE to ALEXANDRIA


Together or separately, the Bernand brothers did in the late 1950s a strong reputation and tireless epigraphists Egyptologists editing the capital corpus of Greek and Latin Inscriptions of the Colossus of Memnon (IFAO, 1960), the last vestige of the Temple Theban of Amenhotep III, awarded by the Academy of Inscriptions and Belles Lettres (1961) volume. Etienne continues in this direction and published the fruits of epigraphic work in Nubia, Ethiopia, but also in Egypt, Philae, in Fayum, Ak? Laugh at Hermoupolis Magna as Alexandria.


If for the site of Philae twins are partners, Andr?? goes very tt a passion for the Alexandria site. And he studies the Egyptian Delta from the Greek texts (IFAO, 1970), it offers a vision of the great Alexandria in 1966 (Arthaud, revised in 1998 and again in Fayard “Plural” in 2004), then zoom in Alexandria of the Ptolemies (CNRS ed., 1995), before collaborating with underwater archaeologist Franck Goddio for collective Alexandria, the royal quarters submerged (ed. Tuttle, 1998).


Besides working with epigraphist and archaeologist Andr?? Bernand it retain its synthesis optimistic on Greek Wizards (Fayard, 1991), out with the dark vision of the Irish historian ER Dodds, in the place that city ??made esoteric practices marginal his reflection on violence in ancient Greece (War and violence in ancient Greece, Hachette, 1999), or its more personal The? we civilization (Fayard, 1994), where he worked the junction Greek and Egyptian heritage, matrix a dream Alexandria expression.


With the simultaneous disappearance of these two scholars at surprisingly twin course, the world of Antique world loses two researchers copies, often difficult technical reference publications are internationally.

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The famous photographer and designer Italo-fran? Ais Willy Rizzo died in Paris, Monday, Feb. 25, at the age of 84 years, announces the Point Tuesday, February 26. Born in 1928, this little son of Neapolitan magistrates contracts very tt passion for photography. From the age of 12, he portrays his classmates with the Agfa Box that gave him his mother.


In 1944, he bought his first Rolleiflex. Willy Rizzo began his career in Paris, where he photographed stars and starlets for World Cinema, Point of View, and images of the world. It covers the Nuremberg trials and conducts major reports, including Tunisia, the Mareth Line. In 1947, the British agency Blackstar sent to the United States to “photograph what surprised.”


After the war, Willy Rizzo is recruited by the weekly Sunday France, for which he was sent to Cannes to cover the first festival where princesses, playboys, starlets and stars filed past his Zeiss Sonnar 180.


Then he moved to Los Angeles. Max Corre, with whom he had collaborated in France Sunday, called to announce that Jean Prouvost a major magazine in Paris. This is the beginning of the adventure Paris-Match, which he signed the first cover, with Winston Churchill. His report on Maria Callas inspired Herg?? who in The Castafiore Emerald, creates his character photographer of Paris-Flash, Walter Rizzoto is he and his friend Walter Carone.


In 1959, he became artistic director of Marie Claire and works with most major fashion magazines, including Vogue, where Alex Liberman asked to work “with his eyes.” In 1968, he moved to Rome and began his work as a designer for his personal needs, because, according to him, “the old or Scandinavian furniture were neither comfortable nor so simple.” Before the application, it creates its own workshops.


But in the late 1970s, Willy Rizzo back to Paris, where he was homesick, and where he continued to draw and photograph the most beautiful women in the world.

Tuareg rebels of the National Liberation Movement of Azawad (MNLA) announced Tuesday, March 5 they asked the Prosecutor of the International Criminal Court (ICC) to investigate “the crimes allegedly committed by the Malian army.”





“Lawyers MNLA asked the ICC prosecutor to investigate crimes allegedly committed by the Malian army against members of the Fulani, Tuareg, Arab ethnic groups, and Songhai around Timbuktu Douentza, Gao S??var?? Boni and Konna, “said the movement in a statement re? u Paris.


“Soldiers (Mali) have engaged in torture, summary executions and enforced disappearances” in those cities, said the MNLA. Tuareg rebels also denounced the “appeals to racial hatred relayed by Malian websites and the pro-government press,” citing the newspaper Express Bamako, which was published on February 4 a list of 31 officers MNLA, termed “dragged down to very for the Republic.”


The prosecutor of the International Criminal Court (ICC), the Gambian Fatou Bensouda, warned Mali on January 28 due to allegations of abuses allegedly committed by his army in the conflict in that country and she requested an investigation by the Malian authorities on the subject.

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?


The ease in Mali French military operation?, Launched Friday, January 11 and dubbed “Serval”, named after a feline desert mobilized hundreds of military detachments based in France or in Africa. Officially, France has announced that it intervened in support of the Malian army, but in fact, it is she who leads entirely operation launched on Friday.


French forces? Ease deployed in Mali


Since Thursday, even before President Hollande confirmed the launch of comfortable French military intervention?, Dozens of French soldiers? Ais S??var?? secure the airport, which serves as a support to French forces? Ease. About 500 soldiers were deployed simultaneously in Bamako, according to the Ministry of Defence. It is “porpoise” of the marines and legionnaires. They could be joined by an additional 2,000 soldiers.


A dozen policemen GIGN, an elite unit of the French gendarmerie? Comfortable are also deployed for one week at the Embassy of France in Bamako to strengthen the security of the ambassador and diplomatic premises fran? Ais. Special Forces were also involved, but not widely advertise this time the exact number. The soldier killed Friday Damien Lame, a helicopter pilot, reported to the Special Operations Command (SOC).


As detailed in the Defence Ministry, the number of combat aircraft in N’Djamena pertaining to the posting Sparrowhawk was increased to eight: two Mirage F1CR recognition and six Mirage 2000D (fighter-bombers). C135 Three tankers are also mobilized and transport aircraft. Rafale aircraft types, based in France, for the first time been used Sunday to destroy camps workout and lodgment logistics costs armed groups near Gao. Helicopter gunships, including Gazelle equipped Hot missiles and 20mm cannon were also engaged in the region Konna.


African reinforcements expected


Niger, Burkina Faso, Togo and Senegal announced the shipment of about 500 men each. Nigeria should send about 600 soldiers. The Benin will send 300. West African troops will be led by a Nigerian General Shehu Abdulkadir already arrived in Mali with officials from the Air Force in Nigeria, according to the Nigerian presidency. Chad has not ruled out sending troops.





Western backers


Britain said on Saturday it would provide logistical military assistance to France during his speech, but does not deploy personnel in combat situations. Two British planes C17, which may include ship VAB armored vehicles, must participate in the first flights launched Monday from the base of Evreux (Eure).


From his side, the U.S. military provides support in the field of transport and communications, but also in the intelligence sector. A U.S. official also said Washington was considering sending a small number of unarmed surveillance drones on the ground.


On the other hand, a “logistical” support “medical” or “humanitarian” is proposed by Germany, said Monday a spokesman for the German Foreign Ministry.


If NATO on Monday welcomed the initiative of France, his spokeswoman, Oana Lungescu, said that the operation “was decided by the French government? Ais … NATO is not involved” . “There is no discussion within NATO on this crisis,” she said.

Five days after the launch of the Serval operation in Mali, January 16, Chadian President Idriss Deby announce? Has sent a contingent the Chadian National Army (ANT) to combat jihadist groups in Mali, in coordination with the forces of Misma (International Support Mission in Mali). Although not a member of the ECOWAS (Economic Community of West Africa), Chad has sent the largest contingent in the African country. Some 2,400 soldiers under the command of the president’s son, General Mahamat Idriss Deby, are now deployed in the country.


Boarded columns of tanks and topped with 4 x 4 armored cars, the first Chadian soldiers arrived in Mali, January 26, from neighboring Niger. Gao, Kidal, into the massive Ifoghas in the extreme northeast of the country, the troops of General Deby supported the growth of French forces? Ease. With the single mission, according to its terms, to “combat terrorism and eradicate the region.”


FIGHTING to “VERY SHORT”


The heart ties of French military, Chadian soldiers on the front lines of the “second phase” of the Serval operation launched four weeks ago to protect Bamako a jihadist attack and rid the north of Mali Islamist armed groups. While other African troops are mainly stationed in the south of Mali, more than 2,500 soldiers from Chad and Niger based 4000 French soldiers? Ais (special forces, paratroopers, Legionnaires) in their advance against jihadist groups entrenched in the massive Ifoghas, a desert and mountainous area in north-eastern Mali.


Read the report: In the rocks of the Adrar Tigharghar a crucial battle has begun


In this area, especially in the valley of Ametettai, which seems to be the epicenter of the fighting, they track jihadists in caves and caverns in inaccessible valleys, with the support of local people and Touareg which serve as guides. Supported by planes and helicopters preparing the intervention of ground forces, they inflicted heavy losses during violent jihadists fighting in “very short.”


Chadian forces and claimed to have killed the emir of southern Al-Qaeda in the Islamic Maghreb (AQIM), Abdelhamid Abou Zeid, and former leader of AQIM, the Islamist leader Mokhtar Belmokhtar. Information not confirmed by Paris, Bamako and Algiers. These victories, however, have paid a high price by Chadian troops: February 22, 26 Chadian soldiers were killed in clashes with jihadist forces in the massive Ifoghas.








A MA? TRISE GROUND





In this battle in the desert and mountainous area, Chadian fighters have advantages of size. “These are extremely experienced troops to fight in the desert, unlike the armies of ECOWAS,” notes Philippe Hugon, director of research at the Institute of International and Strategic Relations (IRIS) in charge of Africa. “They withstand extreme heat well, they know that the opponent is very mobile because it is a war of pickup, where jihadists are moving all the time,” says the researcher. However, the Chadian soldiers also a perfect ma? Trise moving fast in the desert, without landmarks.


“The Chadian fighters are familiar with this type of relief and mobility, a rustic well suited. They fight with fairly comparable to those used by paramilitary jihadist groups methods,” adds Pascal Le Pautremat, specialist defense issues. The Adrar des Ifoghas indeed resembles much to the cha? Nes Tibesti Mountains in northern Chad, the Chadian army in 2004, routed the Salafist Group for Preaching and Combat (GSPC) of Abderazak famous “El Para”, the movement had infiltrated Chad. In the same region, Chadian soldiers were also hunted for ten years, between 1993 and 2003, the rebel Movement for Democracy and Justice in Chad (MDJT).


AN ARMY OF EXPERIENCE





The Chadian army is reputed to be one of the best in the region, with 30,000 active soldiers and modern funded by oil. “There is certainly the flagship of the Mali Chadian army,” said Philippe Hugon. Elements of the army mainly from the Zaghawa ethnic group loyal to President D??by – who is coming – and compounds including anti-terrorism special forces trained by the U.S. Army in 2004.


Within the various military operations in Chad, their reputation is second to none. Chadians are illustrated several rebellions against the Sudanese Darfur. In December, just before committing to Mali, Chad’s army is positioned “peacekeeping force” in neighboring Central African Republic, to stop the progression of the rebel coalition Seleka, who had seized the most of the country before ending up on the outskirts of Bangui.


Another advantage: the Chadian soldiers used to operate with the French army comfortable?. The latter had set up operations in Chad Manta (1983) and Sparrowhawk (1986), making a decisive aid to Chadian army against the Libyan troops, combined with the Chadian opposition Goukouni Ou??dde?. “There is a tradition of action, training and coaching fran? Ais in Chad,” said Philippe Hugon.


GAIN WEIGHT POLICY


For Philippe Hugon, the valuable support provided by the Chadian army certainly has a price. “Although President D??by had a debt-to-vis France who saved his setting intervening militarily to prevent the Sudanese army to overthrow him in 2008,” says the researcher. It remains that the involvement in the war in Chad Mali is also a means for D??by to stand guarantor of stability in the Sahel region and prevent the progression of jihadists to the country.





The war in Mali is in effect for Chad a kind of “preventive war” against the jihadist threat, noted Philippe Hugon. A jihadist threat has increased in several neighboring countries, like Nigeria, where the violence of Boko Haram and their repression by the security forces were about 3,000 dead since 2009. “This danger (Islamist) also threaten us. (…) We have to consider the situation in Mali as the n? Very clean. Because none of the Sahel countries today can claim to escape and be alone for stop it. Skip to Mali, the fight Chadians, “has said bluntly he and Saleh Kebzabo main opponent.

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Bolivian President Evo Morales (here during a speech in La Paz in February 2014) decided to exclude his country USAID, the U.S. Agency for International Development.


| REUTERS / DAVID MERCADOLe Bolivian President Evo Morales, announced on Wednesday, May 1, the expulsion of Bolivia the United States Agency for International Development (USAID), the U.S. Agency for International Development, accusing him of interference in the internal affairs of Bolivia.


“We decided to expel USAID in Bolivia. The USAID goes to Bolivia,” said Mr Morales said in a speech delivered during a public rally for the party workers, on the Place d’Armes of La Paz. The USAID, present in Bolivia since 1964, would be in this country “for political and not for social goals goals,” says Morales. The USAID and other institutions related to the U.S. Embassy in La Paz “conspire against the people, and especially against the national government,” charged Mr. Morales, who heads Bolivia since 2006.


In 2008, for similar reasons, Bolivia expelled the U.S. ambassador and the Drug Enforcement Administration, the U.S. anti-drug agency.


A year ago to the day, he announced the nationalization of the Spanish Red fililale electrica espa? Ol business. A decision was part of a political line state control over natural resources and royal domains such as education, health and energy.





POLICY NATIONALIZATION


Since coming to power of Evo Morales, Bolivia has launched a plan to nationalize hydrocarbons, telecommunications and mining previously held by multinationals.


In February, the Bolivian authorities had they announced the nationalization of airport services Sabsa company, a subsidiary of the Spanish company Abertis and Aeropuertos Espa? Oles y Navegaci??n A??rea (AENA). Sabsa managed airports of La Paz, Cochabamba and Santa Cruz, which were placed under the administration of the army. Mr. Morales had justified the nationalization, the third in a Spanish company in a year, by “defending the public interest.”


In December 2012, it was the turn of the Spanish electricity companies and Electropaz Elfeo moving under the umbrella of the Bolivian State. Like the Swiss mining giant Glencore, which suffered, a year ago, the same fate.

The Security Council of the United Nations “strongly condemned” the new North Korean nuclear test and will begin to work “immediately” on ” measures “through a new resolution.


In a statement Tuesday, February 12 by the Minister of Foreign Affairs South Korea, Kim Sung-Hwan, whose country holds the presidency of the Security Council in February, the Council believes that Pyongyang’s nuclear test is a “clear threat for international peace and security. ”


“PROTECT THE NATIONAL SECURITY”


North Korea conducted Tuesday morning for a new nuclear test. The news was announced with pride by the official news agency of North Korea’s KCNA (Korean Central News Agency): “a third nuclear test was successfully completed.” An operation that was intended to “protect national security and (the) sovereignty” of the country “against the continued hostility of the United States,” then explained the agency.


Shortly after this announcement, Pyongyang continued its provocative warning that the nuclear test was a “first” step, menacing the world of “higher” actions if sanctions were taken against . “The United States and its supporters make a sad mistake if they think that [North Korea] will respect totally unreasonable resolutions against him.’s [North Korea] will never bow to any resolution,” said Jon Yong Ryong, first secretary of the mission of North Korea in Geneva.


“REAL CHALLENGE FOR CHINESE”


The Security Council did not take long to assemble and international condemnation to rain after these announcements. “This is a clear and serious violation of the resolutions of the Security Council,” said Secretary General Ban Ki-moon.


“The Chinese have launched the North Koreans a strong warning asking them not to perform this test quans it became clear that it was imminent,” said a diplomat speaking on condition of anonymity. “What the North Koreans have done is a real challenge for the Chinese,” he said. Beijing called Tuesday North Korean Ambassador to China. For U.S. President Barack Obama, this test does not make North Korea more? S re. He called for a “rapid and credible” international reaction.


Pyongyang had warned in late January that it intended to conduct a nuclear test in response to the expanded UN sanctions after the rocket launch in early December, seen by Washington as a ballistic missile. Unusually, China warned its neighbor, which is the only ally, against a third nuclear test.


Resolutions 1718 and 1874 of the Security Council of the United Nations voted in 2006 and in 2009, prohibits North Korea from developing nuclear and missile technology. Despite these prohibitions, the North Korean authorities had on December 12 at a rocket launch, the second gear long range during the year 2012.

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Many African countries have changed – or are considering doing so – the rules that bind to multinationals to exploit their mineral resources, including continent is one of the world’s largest reserves. Proposed tax increases in South Africa and Tanzania will review mining contracts in Niger, Senegal and Mozambique, adoption of a new mining code in Guinea, Zambia doubled royalties: renegotiation is a trend background in Africa.


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“This is mainly to balance a situation inherited from the 1980s and 1990s,” said Bonnie Campbell, a professor of political economy at the University of Quebec in Montreal, and an expert with the Economic Commission for Africa Nations United. Under the leadership of the World Bank in particular, the mining sector has been substantially liberalized during these two decades. The idea was that this opening would cause private investment flows to developing countries. “But this virtuous circle does not happen,” says Campbell.


This failure has coincides with a very favorable situation for African states: the soaring prices of …